![]() Surveillance data are also used to guide public health policy and development of prevention and control strategies. Surveillance data collected through case investigations are used to assess the impact of disease and monitor changes in epidemiology over time. ![]() However, chemoprophylaxis of pregnant women and infants, as well as their household contacts, should not be delayed. When suspicion of pertussis is low, the investigation can be delayed until there is laboratory confirmation of the diagnosis. When pertussis is strongly suspected, attempts to identify and provide chemoprophylaxis to household and other close contacts at high risk should proceed without waiting for laboratory confirmation. Importance of Rapid Case IdentificationĮarly diagnosis and treatment of pertussis might limit its spread to other susceptible people. As of 2017, the second highest incidence of pertussis continues to occur among school-aged children and adolescents. From 2012 through 2017, 66.7%, of all pertussis-related deaths (n = 72) reported to CDC were among infants less than two months of age, who were too young to have received DTaP vaccine. The incidence of pertussis remains highest among young infants. Multiple factors have likely contributed to the increase, including waning immunity from acellular pertussis vaccines, heightened provider and public awareness, improved diagnostic testing, and possibly molecular changes within the pertussis bacterium. Reported pertussis cases have decreased since 2012, with 18,975 cases reported during 2017 however, levels remain significantly increased compared to those observed during the 1990s and early 2000s. In 2012, 48,277 cases were reported nationwide, exceeding levels observed since 1955. The incidence of reported pertussis began increasing in the 1980s, however, and significant peaks in disease have been observed in recent years. Routine childhood vaccination led to a reduction in disease incidence from an average of 150 reported cases per 100,000 persons between 19, to 0.5 cases per 100,000 persons in 1976. ![]() In the pre-vaccine era, pertussis was a common childhood disease and a major cause of child and infant mortality in the United States. pertussis is not reportable to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Disease attributable to Bordetella species other than B. parapertussis causes a pertussis-like illness that is generally milder than pertussis, likely because the bacteria do not produce pertussis toxin. pertussis, 3 other Bordetella species can cause disease in humans: B. Death is infrequent and most likely to occur in unvaccinated infants, although fatalities are occasionally reported among older children and adults with serious underlying health conditions. Pneumonia is the most common complication in all age groups seizures and encephalopathy are rare and generally occur only among very young infants. Infants, however, are at greatest risk for pertussis-related complications and mortality. Pertussis rarely causes severe complications among healthy, vaccinated persons. In all persons, cough can continue for months. Adults and adolescents with some immunity may exhibit only mild symptoms or have the typical prolonged paroxysmal cough. Young infants may present to a clinic or hospital with apnea and no other disease symptoms. Disease presentation can vary with age and history of previous exposure or vaccination. The illness is typically characterized by a prolonged paroxysmal cough that is often accompanied by an inspiratory whoop. ![]() Pertussis, more commonly known as whooping cough, is a contagious, respiratory disease caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable DiseasesĪuthors: Amy Blain, MPH Tami Skoff, MS Pam Cassiday, MS Maria Lucia Tondella, PhD Anna Acosta, MD Disease Description ![]()
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